Juwairiyah
Yes. Juwairiyah bint al-Harith was a Sahabiyya (companion) and one of the wives of the Prophet Muhammad, and her name is recorded in early Islamic historical sources.
No. The name Juwairiyah does not appear in the Quran; it is known from historical and biographical records (Seerah and hadith literature).
Linguistically it is the diminutive form of Jāriyyah (جَاريَّة), meaning 'young maiden' or 'little maid/servant'.
It is used but relatively uncommon; families often choose it for its historical and respectful connotations rather than for trendiness.
No direct masculine cognate is commonly used; the root appears in other names but Juwairiyah is a feminine diminutive form.