Murabit
Not directly. Murabit literally refers to someone stationed at a ribat (a garrison or spiritual retreat). While such figures could be teachers, the core meaning is 'one attached to a ribat'—guardian or ascetic.
Yes. The medieval Almoravid movement is called al-Murabitun in Arabic; the term shares the same root and concept of being associated with a ribat.
It is rare but attested as an honorific-turned-name in Maghreb and Sahel regions. Families sometimes use it to signal piety or historical/regional identity.
The word is Arabic in origin, but it was widely adopted in Amazigh (Berber) and West African Muslim contexts and thus functions as a regional historical name in those cultures.
No. The term is part of Islamic historical and biographical literature rather than a Qur'anic proper name.