• Health and Wellness, Islamic Ethics, Islamic History, Islamic Information, Islamic Teachings
• By: M.Yaseen

Cannabis, once primarily associated with counterculture, is increasingly mainstream. With legalization spreading and medicinal uses being explored, Muslims are naturally questioning where this plant fits into their faith. This article explores Islamic perspectives on cannabis, drawing on scriptural sources and scholarly interpretations to help you understand its potential benefits and harms.

The Quranic Stance on Intoxicants

The Quran doesn’t explicitly mention “cannabis,” but it addresses the use of intoxicants (khamr). Several verses offer guidance, but their interpretation is a subject of ongoing discussion among scholars:

Key Verses and Interpretations

• Sura Al-Ma’idah (5:90): “… intoxicants (khamr), gambling, [sacrificing on] stone alters [to other than Allah], and divining arrows are but defilement from the work of Satan, so avoid it that you may be successful.”

This verse is a cornerstone for those who believe cannabis is haram (forbidden). They argue that, like alcohol, cannabis alters the mind and can lead to harmful behaviors.

• Sura Al-Baqarah (2:219): “They ask you about wine and gambling. Say, ‘In them is great sin and [yet, some] benefit for people. But their sin is greater than their benefit.'”

Some scholars interpret this verse as suggesting that while intoxicants have potential benefits, their harms outweigh the good. Others argue this verse primarily refers to wine, not all intoxicants.

The Concept of Intoxication (Sukr) in Islam

Islamically, intoxication (sukr) is defined as any substance that impairs judgment, reason, and awareness of Allah. The potential harm of intoxication includes:

• Individual Harm: Loss of control, impaired judgment, addiction, and potential health risks.
• Societal Harm: Increased accidents, violence, broken families, and economic burden.

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) warned against intoxication, stating, “Every intoxicant is khamr, and every khamr is haram.” This hadith is often cited as evidence for the prohibition of cannabis.

Understanding the Nuances

It’s important to note that not all scholars agree on the status of cannabis. Some argue that the Quranic prohibition focuses on substances that cause severe intoxication, and that moderate cannabis use may not fall under this category. Additionally, some differentiate between recreational and medicinal use, particularly for conditions where cannabis might offer relief when other options have failed.

Cannabis: An Intoxicant or a Medicine?

Cannabis occupies a complex space in Islamic discourse, with its historical uses and modern research findings offering both arguments for and against its permissibility.

Historical Uses of Cannabis in the Muslim World

Cannabis has a long and varied history in the Muslim world. It was used for both medicinal and recreational purposes in ancient civilizations. Early Islamic scholars debated its permissibility, with some advocating for its benefits and others expressing concerns about its potential harms.

Historically, cannabis was used to treat a variety of ailments, from pain and inflammation to nausea and insomnia. It was also used in spiritual practices and for recreational purposes. Some famous Islamic physicians, such as Ibn Sina (Avicenna), even included cannabis in their pharmacopoeia.

Modern Scientific Research on Cannabis

Modern scientific research has shed light on the potential benefits and risks of cannabis. Studies have shown that cannabis may be effective in treating chronic pain, nausea, multiple sclerosis symptoms, and certain types of epilepsy. However, research also indicates potential risks, including addiction, impaired cognitive function, and respiratory problems.

Differing Islamic Perspectives

The Islamic ruling on cannabis is not monolithic. There are differing viewpoints within Islamic scholarship, each with its own interpretation of religious texts and scientific evidence.

The Majority View: Cannabis as Haram

The majority of traditional Islamic scholars consider cannabis to be haram (forbidden). This view is based on the Quranic prohibition of intoxicants and the potential harm associated with cannabis use.

Specific scholars and schools of thought supporting this view include:

• The Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas in Saudi Arabia
• The European Council for Fatwa and Research
• Many prominent scholars from various Islamic traditions

Emerging Perspectives: Medical Use and Exceptions

In recent years, a growing number of contemporary scholars have argued for the permissibility of medical cannabis under certain conditions. This view is based on the principle of necessity (darura) in Islamic law, which allows for the use of prohibited substances if they are essential for preserving life or alleviating suffering.

Criteria for permissible use may include:

• Severe medical condition: The patient suffers from a debilitating condition with no effective alternative treatment.
• Medical supervision: The use of cannabis is prescribed and monitored by a qualified healthcare professional.
• Minimal harm: The potential benefits of cannabis use outweigh the potential risks.

The Importance of Intention

Intention (niyyah) plays a crucial role in Islamic jurisprudence. The permissibility of an action can depend on the intention behind it. In the case of cannabis, the intention behind its use can significantly impact its ruling. If used for legitimate medical purposes under the guidance of a qualified professional, it may be considered permissible in certain cases. However, using it for recreational purposes, seeking intoxication, or engaging in activities that harm oneself or others would be considered haram.

Seeking Guidance from Qualified Scholars

Given the complexities surrounding the issue of cannabis in Islam, it is crucial to consult with knowledgeable and reputable Islamic scholars for personalized guidance. They can provide clarity based on your specific situation, medical needs, and the latest scientific findings.

Prioritizing Well-being and Avoiding Harm

Islam emphasizes the importance of preserving one’s health and well-being. Therefore, it’s crucial to prioritize seeking alternative treatments for medical conditions if available and to avoid any form of cannabis use that could lead to harm, addiction, or impair one’s ability to fulfill religious obligations.

Compassion and Understanding

Individuals struggling with cannabis addiction should be met with compassion and understanding. Islam encourages a supportive and non-judgmental approach to those facing challenges. If you or someone you know is struggling with addiction, reach out to healthcare professionals or community resources for support and guidance.

Key Takeaways:

• The Quran condemns intoxicants, but the application to cannabis isn’t universally agreed upon.
• Intoxication is defined as anything that impairs judgment and awareness of God.
• Potential harms of cannabis use include individual and societal consequences.
• Ongoing discussions exist within Islamic scholarship about the specific rulings on cannabis.